Introduction to Flight.
Anderson, John.
Introduction to Flight. - 9th ed. - 1 online resource (1203 pages)
Cover page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- About the Authors iii -- Preface xii -- Chapter 1 The First Aeronautical Engineers 1 -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Very Early Developments 3 -- 1.3 Sir George Cayley (1773-1857)- The True Inventor of the Airplane 6 -- 1.4 The Interregnum-From 1853 to 1891 13 -- 1.5 Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)-The Glider Man 17 -- 1.6 Percy Pilcher (1867-1899)-Extending the Glider Tradition 20 -- 1.7 Aeronautics Comes to America 21 -- 1.8 Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright-Inventors of the First Practical Airplane 26 -- 1.9 The Aeronautical Triangle-Langley, the Wrights, and Glenn Curtiss 35 -- 1.10 The Problem of Propulsion 44 -- 1.11 Faster and Higher 45 -- 1.12 Summary and Review 48 -- Bibliography 51 -- Chapter 2 Fundamental Thoughts 53 -- 2.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas 57 -- 2.2 The Source of All Aerodynamic Forces 62 -- 2.3 Equation of State for a Perfect Gas 64 -- 2.4 Discussion of Units 66 -- 2.5 Specific Volume 71 -- 2.6 Anatomy of the Airplane 82 -- 2.7 Anatomy of a Space Vehicle 92 -- 2.8 Historical Note: The NACA and NASA 101 -- 2.9 Summary and Review 104 -- Bibliography 105 -- Problems 106 -- Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere 110 -- 3.1 Definition of Altitude 112 -- 3.2 Hydrostatic Equation 113 -- 3.3 Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric Altitudes 115 -- 3.4 Definition of the Standard Atmosphere 116 -- 3.5 Pressure, Temperature, and Density Altitudes 125 -- 3.6 Historical Note: The Standard Atmosphere 128 -- 3.7 Summary and Review 130 -- Bibliography 132 -- Problems 132 -- Chapter 4 Basic Aerodynamics 134 -- 4.1 Continuity Equation 138 -- 4.2 Incompressible and Compressible Flows 139 -- 4.3 Momentum Equation 142 -- 4.4 A Comment 146 -- 4.5 Elementary Thermodynamics 153 -- 4.6 Isentropic Flow 160 -- 4.7 Energy Equation 166 -- 4.8 Summary of Equations 173. 4.9 Speed of Sound 174 -- 4.10 Low-Speed Subsonic Wind Tunnels 182 -- 4.11 Measurement of Airspeed 188 -- 4.12 Some Additional Considerations 210 -- 4.13 Supersonic Wind Tunnels and Rocket Engines 214 -- 4.14 Discussion of Compressibility 226 -- 4.15 Introduction to Viscous Flow 227 -- 4.16 Results for a Laminar Boundary Layer 236 -- 4.17 Results for a Turbulent Boundary Layer 241 -- 4.18 Compressibility Effects on Skin Friction 244 -- 4.19 Transition 247 -- 4.20 Flow Separation 250 -- 4.21 Summary of Viscous Effects on Drag 255 -- 4.22 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler 257 -- 4.23 Historical Note: The Pitot Tube 258 -- 4.24 Historical Note: The First Wind Tunnels 261 -- 4.25 Historical Note: Osborne Reynolds and His Number 267 -- 4.26 Historical Note: Prandtl and the Development of the Boundary Layer Concept 271 -- 4.27 Summary and Review 274 -- Bibliography 278 -- Problems 279 -- Chapter 5 Airfoils, Wings, and Other Aerodynamic Shapes 288 -- 5.1 Introduction 288 -- 5.2 Airfoil Nomenclature 290 -- 5.3 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients 294 -- 5.4 Airfoil Data 300 -- 5.5 Infinite Versus Finite Wings 315 -- 5.6 Pressure Coefficient 316 -- 5.7 Obtaining Lift Coefficient from CP 322 -- 5.8 Compressibility Correction for Lift Coefficient 326 -- 5.9 Critical Mach Number and Critical Pressure Coefficient 327 -- 5.10 Drag-Divergence Mach Number 339 -- 5.11 Wave Drag (At Supersonic Speeds) 347 -- 5.12 Summary of Airfoil Drag 357 -- 5.13 Finite Wings 359 -- 5.14 Calculation of Induced Drag 363 -- 5.15 Change in the Lift Slope 372 -- 5.16 Swept Wings 381 -- 5.17 Flaps-A Mechanism for High Lift 394 -- 5.18 Aerodynamics of Cylinders and Spheres 400 -- 5.19 How Lift is Produced-Some Alternative Explanations 405 -- 5.20 Historical Note: Airfoils and Wings 415 -- 5.21 Historical Note: Ernst Mach and his Number 422. 5.22 Historical Note: The First Manned Supersonic Flight 426 -- 5.23 Historical Note: The X-15-First Manned Hypersonic Airplane and Stepping-Stone to the Space Shuttle 430 -- 5.24 Summary and Review 432 -- Bibliography 434 -- Problems 435 -- Chapter 6 Elements of Airplane Performance 441 -- 6.1 Introduction: The Drag Polar 441 -- 6.2 Equations of Motion 448 -- 6.3 Thrust Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight 450 -- 6.4 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity 458 -- 6.5 Power Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight 461 -- 6.6 Power Available and Maximum Velocity 466 -- 6.7 Altitude Effects on Power Required and Available 470 -- 6.8 Rate of Climb 479 -- 6.9 Gliding Flight 489 -- 6.10 Absolute and Service Ceilings 493 -- 6.11 Time to Climb 499 -- 6.12 Range and Endurance: Propeller-Driven Airplane 500 -- 6.13 Range and Endurance: Jet Airplane 508 -- 6.14 Relations Between CD,0 and CD,i 514 -- 6.15 Takeoff Performance 522 -- 6.16 Landing Performance 528 -- 6.17 Turning Flight and the V−n Diagram 531 -- 6.18 Accelerated Rate of Climb (Energy Method) 540 -- 6.19 Special Considerations for Supersonic Airplanes 547 -- 6.20 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 550 -- 6.21 Micro Air Vehicles 560 -- 6.22 Quest for Aerodynamic Efficiency 563 -- 6.23A Comment 571 -- 6.24Historical Note: Drag Reduction-The NACA Cowling and the Fillet 572 -- 6.25Historical Note: Early Predictions of Airplane Performance 576 -- 6.26 Historical Note: Breguet and the Range Formula 578 -- 6.27Historical Note: Aircraft Design-Evolution and Revolution 579 -- 6.28Sleeker and Faster Airplanes: The Naca's Drag Cleanup Studies in the Full Scale Tunnel 584 -- 6.29 Summary and Review 589 -- Bibliography 592 -- Problems 593 -- Chapter 7 Principles of Stability and Control 598 -- 7.1 Introduction 598 -- 7.2 Definition of Stability and Control 604 -- 7.3 Moments on the Airplane 609. 7.4 Absolute Angle of Attack 610 -- 7.5 Criteria for Longitudinal Static Stability 612 -- 7.6 Quantitative Discussion: Contribution of the Wing to Mcg 617 -- 7.7 Contribution of the Tail to Mcg 621 -- 7.8 Total Pitching Moment About the Center of Gravity 624 -- 7.9 Equations for Longitudinal Static Stability 626 -- 7.10 Neutral Point 628 -- 7.11 Static Margin 629 -- 7.12 Concept of Static Longitudinal Control 633 -- 7.13 Calculation of Elevator Angle to Trim 638 -- 7.14 Stick-Fixed Versus Stick-Free Static Stability 640 -- 7.15 Elevator Hinge Moment 641 -- 7.16 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 643 -- 7.17 Directional Static Stability 647 -- 7.18 Lateral Static Stability 648 -- 7.19 A Comment 650 -- 7.20 Historical Note: The Wright Brothers Versus the European Philosophy of Stability and Control 651 -- 7.21 Historical Note: The Development of Flight Controls 652 -- 7.22 Historical Note: The "Tuck-Under" Problem 654 -- 7.23 Summary and Review 655 -- Bibliography 657 -- Problems 657 -- Chapter 8 Space Flight (Astronautics) 659 -- 8.1 Introduction 659 -- 8.2 The Space Environment 663 -- 8.3 Lagrange's Equation 671 -- 8.4 Orbit Equation 674 -- 8.5 Kepler's Laws and Elliptical Orbits 680 -- 8.6 Orbital Energy and the Vis-Viva Equation 686 -- 8.7 Orbital Maneuvering 698 -- 8.8 Interplanetary Trajectories 708 -- 8.9 Introduction to Atmospheric Entry 719 -- 8.10 Historical Note: Kepler 726 -- 8.11 Historical Note: Newton and the Law of Gravitation 727 -- 8.12 Historical Note: Lagrange 729 -- 8.13 Historical Note: Unmanned Space Flight 730 -- 8.14 Historical Note: Human Space Flight 734 -- 8.15 Summary and Review 740 -- Bibliography 743 -- Problems 743 -- Chapter 9 Propulsion 746 -- 9.1 Introduction 746 -- 9.2 Propeller 749 -- 9.3 Reciprocating Engine 756 -- 9.4 Jet Propulsion-The Thrust Equation 767 -- 9.5 Turbojet Engine 770. 9.6 Turbofan Engine 781 -- 9.7 Ramjet Engine 783 -- 9.8 Rocket Engine 787 -- 9.9 Rocket Propellants-Some Considerations 794 -- 9.10 Rocket Equation 800 -- 9.11 Rocket Staging 803 -- 9.12 Electric Propulsion 809 -- 9.13 Historical Note: Early Propeller Development 812 -- 9.14 Historical Note: Early Development of the Internal Combustion Engine for Aviation 815 -- 9.15 Historical Note: Inventors of Early Jet Engines 818 -- 9.16 Historical Note: Early History of Rocket Engines 820 -- 9.17 Historical Note: Development of the Saturn V and N-1 Boosters 825 -- 9.18 Summary and Review 828 -- Bibliography 830 -- Problems 831 -- Chapter 10 Hypersonic Vehicles 835 -- 10.1 Introduction 835 -- 10.2 Physical Aspects of Hypersonic Flow 839 -- 10.3 Newtonian Law for Hypersonic Flow 847 -- 10.4 Some Comments About Hypersonic Airplanes 853 -- 10.5 Summary and Review 864 -- Bibliography 865 -- Problems 865 -- Appendix A: Standard Atmosphere, SI Units 867 -- Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere, English Engineering Units 877 -- Appendix C: Symbols and Conversion Factors 885 -- Appendix D: Airfoil Data 886 -- Answer Key 915 -- Index 919.
9781264363407
Aerodynamics.
Electronic books.
TL570 .A534 2022
629.1323
Introduction to Flight. - 9th ed. - 1 online resource (1203 pages)
Cover page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- About the Authors iii -- Preface xii -- Chapter 1 The First Aeronautical Engineers 1 -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Very Early Developments 3 -- 1.3 Sir George Cayley (1773-1857)- The True Inventor of the Airplane 6 -- 1.4 The Interregnum-From 1853 to 1891 13 -- 1.5 Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)-The Glider Man 17 -- 1.6 Percy Pilcher (1867-1899)-Extending the Glider Tradition 20 -- 1.7 Aeronautics Comes to America 21 -- 1.8 Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright-Inventors of the First Practical Airplane 26 -- 1.9 The Aeronautical Triangle-Langley, the Wrights, and Glenn Curtiss 35 -- 1.10 The Problem of Propulsion 44 -- 1.11 Faster and Higher 45 -- 1.12 Summary and Review 48 -- Bibliography 51 -- Chapter 2 Fundamental Thoughts 53 -- 2.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas 57 -- 2.2 The Source of All Aerodynamic Forces 62 -- 2.3 Equation of State for a Perfect Gas 64 -- 2.4 Discussion of Units 66 -- 2.5 Specific Volume 71 -- 2.6 Anatomy of the Airplane 82 -- 2.7 Anatomy of a Space Vehicle 92 -- 2.8 Historical Note: The NACA and NASA 101 -- 2.9 Summary and Review 104 -- Bibliography 105 -- Problems 106 -- Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere 110 -- 3.1 Definition of Altitude 112 -- 3.2 Hydrostatic Equation 113 -- 3.3 Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric Altitudes 115 -- 3.4 Definition of the Standard Atmosphere 116 -- 3.5 Pressure, Temperature, and Density Altitudes 125 -- 3.6 Historical Note: The Standard Atmosphere 128 -- 3.7 Summary and Review 130 -- Bibliography 132 -- Problems 132 -- Chapter 4 Basic Aerodynamics 134 -- 4.1 Continuity Equation 138 -- 4.2 Incompressible and Compressible Flows 139 -- 4.3 Momentum Equation 142 -- 4.4 A Comment 146 -- 4.5 Elementary Thermodynamics 153 -- 4.6 Isentropic Flow 160 -- 4.7 Energy Equation 166 -- 4.8 Summary of Equations 173. 4.9 Speed of Sound 174 -- 4.10 Low-Speed Subsonic Wind Tunnels 182 -- 4.11 Measurement of Airspeed 188 -- 4.12 Some Additional Considerations 210 -- 4.13 Supersonic Wind Tunnels and Rocket Engines 214 -- 4.14 Discussion of Compressibility 226 -- 4.15 Introduction to Viscous Flow 227 -- 4.16 Results for a Laminar Boundary Layer 236 -- 4.17 Results for a Turbulent Boundary Layer 241 -- 4.18 Compressibility Effects on Skin Friction 244 -- 4.19 Transition 247 -- 4.20 Flow Separation 250 -- 4.21 Summary of Viscous Effects on Drag 255 -- 4.22 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler 257 -- 4.23 Historical Note: The Pitot Tube 258 -- 4.24 Historical Note: The First Wind Tunnels 261 -- 4.25 Historical Note: Osborne Reynolds and His Number 267 -- 4.26 Historical Note: Prandtl and the Development of the Boundary Layer Concept 271 -- 4.27 Summary and Review 274 -- Bibliography 278 -- Problems 279 -- Chapter 5 Airfoils, Wings, and Other Aerodynamic Shapes 288 -- 5.1 Introduction 288 -- 5.2 Airfoil Nomenclature 290 -- 5.3 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients 294 -- 5.4 Airfoil Data 300 -- 5.5 Infinite Versus Finite Wings 315 -- 5.6 Pressure Coefficient 316 -- 5.7 Obtaining Lift Coefficient from CP 322 -- 5.8 Compressibility Correction for Lift Coefficient 326 -- 5.9 Critical Mach Number and Critical Pressure Coefficient 327 -- 5.10 Drag-Divergence Mach Number 339 -- 5.11 Wave Drag (At Supersonic Speeds) 347 -- 5.12 Summary of Airfoil Drag 357 -- 5.13 Finite Wings 359 -- 5.14 Calculation of Induced Drag 363 -- 5.15 Change in the Lift Slope 372 -- 5.16 Swept Wings 381 -- 5.17 Flaps-A Mechanism for High Lift 394 -- 5.18 Aerodynamics of Cylinders and Spheres 400 -- 5.19 How Lift is Produced-Some Alternative Explanations 405 -- 5.20 Historical Note: Airfoils and Wings 415 -- 5.21 Historical Note: Ernst Mach and his Number 422. 5.22 Historical Note: The First Manned Supersonic Flight 426 -- 5.23 Historical Note: The X-15-First Manned Hypersonic Airplane and Stepping-Stone to the Space Shuttle 430 -- 5.24 Summary and Review 432 -- Bibliography 434 -- Problems 435 -- Chapter 6 Elements of Airplane Performance 441 -- 6.1 Introduction: The Drag Polar 441 -- 6.2 Equations of Motion 448 -- 6.3 Thrust Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight 450 -- 6.4 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity 458 -- 6.5 Power Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight 461 -- 6.6 Power Available and Maximum Velocity 466 -- 6.7 Altitude Effects on Power Required and Available 470 -- 6.8 Rate of Climb 479 -- 6.9 Gliding Flight 489 -- 6.10 Absolute and Service Ceilings 493 -- 6.11 Time to Climb 499 -- 6.12 Range and Endurance: Propeller-Driven Airplane 500 -- 6.13 Range and Endurance: Jet Airplane 508 -- 6.14 Relations Between CD,0 and CD,i 514 -- 6.15 Takeoff Performance 522 -- 6.16 Landing Performance 528 -- 6.17 Turning Flight and the V−n Diagram 531 -- 6.18 Accelerated Rate of Climb (Energy Method) 540 -- 6.19 Special Considerations for Supersonic Airplanes 547 -- 6.20 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 550 -- 6.21 Micro Air Vehicles 560 -- 6.22 Quest for Aerodynamic Efficiency 563 -- 6.23A Comment 571 -- 6.24Historical Note: Drag Reduction-The NACA Cowling and the Fillet 572 -- 6.25Historical Note: Early Predictions of Airplane Performance 576 -- 6.26 Historical Note: Breguet and the Range Formula 578 -- 6.27Historical Note: Aircraft Design-Evolution and Revolution 579 -- 6.28Sleeker and Faster Airplanes: The Naca's Drag Cleanup Studies in the Full Scale Tunnel 584 -- 6.29 Summary and Review 589 -- Bibliography 592 -- Problems 593 -- Chapter 7 Principles of Stability and Control 598 -- 7.1 Introduction 598 -- 7.2 Definition of Stability and Control 604 -- 7.3 Moments on the Airplane 609. 7.4 Absolute Angle of Attack 610 -- 7.5 Criteria for Longitudinal Static Stability 612 -- 7.6 Quantitative Discussion: Contribution of the Wing to Mcg 617 -- 7.7 Contribution of the Tail to Mcg 621 -- 7.8 Total Pitching Moment About the Center of Gravity 624 -- 7.9 Equations for Longitudinal Static Stability 626 -- 7.10 Neutral Point 628 -- 7.11 Static Margin 629 -- 7.12 Concept of Static Longitudinal Control 633 -- 7.13 Calculation of Elevator Angle to Trim 638 -- 7.14 Stick-Fixed Versus Stick-Free Static Stability 640 -- 7.15 Elevator Hinge Moment 641 -- 7.16 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 643 -- 7.17 Directional Static Stability 647 -- 7.18 Lateral Static Stability 648 -- 7.19 A Comment 650 -- 7.20 Historical Note: The Wright Brothers Versus the European Philosophy of Stability and Control 651 -- 7.21 Historical Note: The Development of Flight Controls 652 -- 7.22 Historical Note: The "Tuck-Under" Problem 654 -- 7.23 Summary and Review 655 -- Bibliography 657 -- Problems 657 -- Chapter 8 Space Flight (Astronautics) 659 -- 8.1 Introduction 659 -- 8.2 The Space Environment 663 -- 8.3 Lagrange's Equation 671 -- 8.4 Orbit Equation 674 -- 8.5 Kepler's Laws and Elliptical Orbits 680 -- 8.6 Orbital Energy and the Vis-Viva Equation 686 -- 8.7 Orbital Maneuvering 698 -- 8.8 Interplanetary Trajectories 708 -- 8.9 Introduction to Atmospheric Entry 719 -- 8.10 Historical Note: Kepler 726 -- 8.11 Historical Note: Newton and the Law of Gravitation 727 -- 8.12 Historical Note: Lagrange 729 -- 8.13 Historical Note: Unmanned Space Flight 730 -- 8.14 Historical Note: Human Space Flight 734 -- 8.15 Summary and Review 740 -- Bibliography 743 -- Problems 743 -- Chapter 9 Propulsion 746 -- 9.1 Introduction 746 -- 9.2 Propeller 749 -- 9.3 Reciprocating Engine 756 -- 9.4 Jet Propulsion-The Thrust Equation 767 -- 9.5 Turbojet Engine 770. 9.6 Turbofan Engine 781 -- 9.7 Ramjet Engine 783 -- 9.8 Rocket Engine 787 -- 9.9 Rocket Propellants-Some Considerations 794 -- 9.10 Rocket Equation 800 -- 9.11 Rocket Staging 803 -- 9.12 Electric Propulsion 809 -- 9.13 Historical Note: Early Propeller Development 812 -- 9.14 Historical Note: Early Development of the Internal Combustion Engine for Aviation 815 -- 9.15 Historical Note: Inventors of Early Jet Engines 818 -- 9.16 Historical Note: Early History of Rocket Engines 820 -- 9.17 Historical Note: Development of the Saturn V and N-1 Boosters 825 -- 9.18 Summary and Review 828 -- Bibliography 830 -- Problems 831 -- Chapter 10 Hypersonic Vehicles 835 -- 10.1 Introduction 835 -- 10.2 Physical Aspects of Hypersonic Flow 839 -- 10.3 Newtonian Law for Hypersonic Flow 847 -- 10.4 Some Comments About Hypersonic Airplanes 853 -- 10.5 Summary and Review 864 -- Bibliography 865 -- Problems 865 -- Appendix A: Standard Atmosphere, SI Units 867 -- Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere, English Engineering Units 877 -- Appendix C: Symbols and Conversion Factors 885 -- Appendix D: Airfoil Data 886 -- Answer Key 915 -- Index 919.
9781264363407
Aerodynamics.
Electronic books.
TL570 .A534 2022
629.1323