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Fundamentals of Aerodynamics.

By: Material type: TextTextPublisher: New York : McGraw-Hill US Higher Ed ISE, 2023Copyright date: �2024Edition: 7th edDescription: 1 online resource (2113 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781266486685
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Fundamentals of AerodynamicsOnline resources:
Contents:
COVER -- McGRAW HILL SERIES IN AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES -- Part 1 Fundamental Principles -- 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts -- 1.1 IMPORTANCE OF AERODYNAMICS: HISTORICAL EXAMPLES -- 1.2 AERODYNAMICS: CLASSIFICATION AND PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES -- 1.3 ROAD MAP FOR THIS CHAPTER -- 1.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES -- 1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS -- 1.6 CENTER OF PRESSURE -- 1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM -- 1.8 FLOW SIMILARITY -- 1.9 FLUID STATICS: BUOYANCY FORCE -- 1.10 TYPES OF FLOW -- 1.11 VISCOUS FLOW: INTRODUCTION TO BOUNDARY LAYERS -- 1.12 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS-THEIR MAGNITUDES AND VARIATIONS -- 1.13 HISTORICAL NOTE: THE ILLUSIVE CENTER OF PRESSURE -- 1.14 HISTORICAL NOTE: AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS -- 1.15 SUMMARY -- 1.16 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: FORWARD-FACING AXIAL AERODYNAMIC FORCE ON AN AIRFOIL -CAN IT HAPPEN AND, IF SO, HOW? -- 1.17 PROBLEMS -- 2 Aerodynamics: Some Fundamental Principles and Equations -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND ROAD MAP -- 2.2 REVIEW OF VECTOR RELATIONS -- 2.3 MODELS OF THE FLUID: CONTROL VOLUMES AND FLUID ELEMENTS -- 2.4 CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 2.5 MOMENTUM EQUATION -- 2.6 AN APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION: DRAG OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL BODY -- 2.7 ENERGY EQUATION -- 2.8 INTERIM SUMMARY -- 2.9 SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE -- 2.10 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF THE SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE -- 2.11 PATHLINES, STREAMLINES, AND STREAKLINES OF A FLOW -- 2.12 ANGULAR VELOCITY, VORTICITY, AND STRAIN -- 2.13 CIRCULATION -- 2.14 STREAM FUNCTION -- 2.15 VELOCITY POTENTIAL -- 2.16 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STREAM FUNCTION AND VELOCITY POTENTIAL -- 2.17 HOW DO WE SOLVE THE EQUATIONS? -- 2.18 SUMMARY -- 2.19 PROBLEMS.
Part 2 Inviscid, Incompressible Flow -- 3 Fundamentals of Inviscid, Incompressible Flow -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND ROAD MAP -- 3.2 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION -- 3.3 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A DUCT: THE VENTURI AND LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNEL -- 3.4 PITOT TUBE: MEASUREMENT OF AIRSPEED -- 3.5 PRESSURE COEFFICIENT -- 3.6 CONDITION ON VELOCITY FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 3.7 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR IRROTATIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: LAPLACE'S EQUATION -- 3.8 INTERIM SUMMARY -- 3.9 UNIFORM FLOW: OUR FIRST ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.10 SOURCE FLOW: OUR SECOND ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.11 COMBINATION OF A UNIFORM FLOW WITH A SOURCE AND SINK -- 3.12 DOUBLET FLOW: OUR THIRD ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.13 NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER -- 3.14 VORTEX FLOW: OUR FOURTH ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.15 LIFTING FLOW OVER A CYLINDER -- 3.16 THE KUTTA-JOUKOWSKI THEOREM AND THE GENERATION OF LIFT -- 3.17 NONLIFTING FLOWS OVER ARBITRARY BODIES: THE NUMERICAL SOURCE PANEL METHOD -- 3.18 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER- THE REAL CASE -- 3.19 HISTORICAL NOTE: BERNOULLI AND EULER-THE ORIGINS OF THEORETICAL FLUID DYNAMICS -- 3.20 HISTORICAL NOTE: D'ALEMBERT AND HIS PARADOX -- 3.21 SUMMARY -- 3.22 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: RELATION BETWEEN AERODYNAMIC DRAG AND THE LOSS OF TOTAL PRESSURE IN THE FLOW FIELD -- 3.23 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL -- 3.24 PROBLEMS -- 4 Incompressible Flow over Airfoils -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE -- 4.3 AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS -- 4.4 PHILOSOPHY OF THEORETICAL SOLUTIONS FOR LOW-SPEED FLOW OVER AIRFOILS: THE VORTEX SHEET -- 4.5 THE KUTTA CONDITION -- 4.6 KELVIN'S CIRCULATION THEOREM AND THE STARTING VORTEX -- 4.7 CLASSICAL THIN AIRFOIL THEORY: THE SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL -- 4.8 THE CAMBERED AIRFOIL -- 4.9 THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER: ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.
4.10 LIFTING FLOWS OVER ARBITRARY BODIES: THE VORTEX PANEL NUMERICAL METHOD -- 4.11 MODERN LOW-SPEED AIRFOILS -- 4.12 VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG -- 4.13 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE FLOW OVER AN AIRFOIL-THE REAL CASE -- 4.14 HISTORICAL NOTE: EARLY AIRPLANE DESIGN AND THE ROLE OF AIRFOIL THICKNESS -- 4.15 HISTORICAL NOTE: KUTTA, JOUKOWSKI, AND THE CIRCULATION THEORY OF LIFT -- 4.16 SUMMARY -- 4.17 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: WALL EFFECTS ON MEASUREMENTS MADE IN SUBSONIC WIND TUNNELS -- 4.18 PROBLEMS -- 5 Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION: DOWNWASH AND INDUCED DRAG -- 5.2 THE VORTEX FILAMENT, THE BIOT-SAVART LAW, AND HELMHOLTZ'S THEOREMS -- 5.3 PRANDTL'S CLASSICAL LIFTING-LINE THEORY -- 5.4 A NUMERICAL NONLINEAR LIFTING-LINE METHOD -- 5.5 THE LIFTING-SURFACE THEORY AND THE VORTEX LATTICE NUMERICAL METHOD -- 5.6 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE DELTA WING -- 5.7 HISTORICAL NOTE: LANCHESTER AND PRANDTL-THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE-WING THEORY -- 5.8 HISTORICAL NOTE: PRANDTL-THE PERSON -- 5.9 SUMMARY -- 5.10 PROBLEMS -- 6 Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flow -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOURCE -- 6.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOUBLET -- 6.4 FLOW OVER A SPHERE -- 6.5 GENERAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS: PANEL TECHNIQUES -- 6.6 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE FLOW OVER A SPHERE-THE REAL CASE -- 6.7 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: AIRPLANE LIFT AND DRAG -- 6.8 SUMMARY -- 6.9 PROBLEMS -- Part 3 Inviscid, Compressible Flow -- 7 Compressible Flow: Some Preliminary Aspects -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 7.3 DEFINITION OF COMPRESSIBILITY -- 7.4 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR INVISCID, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 7.5 DEFINITION OF TOTAL (STAGNATION) CONDITIONS -- 7.6 SOME ASPECTS OF SUPERSONIC FLOW: SHOCK WAVES -- 7.7 SUMMARY -- 7.8 PROBLEMS -- 8 Normal Shock Waves and Related Topics -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION.
8.2 THE BASIC NORMAL SHOCK EQUATIONS -- 8.3 SPEED OF SOUND -- 8.4 SPECIAL FORMS OF THE ENERGY EQUATION -- 8.5 WHEN IS A FLOW COMPRESSIBLE? -- 8.6 CALCULATION OF NORMAL SHOCK-WAVE PROPERTIES -- 8.7 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY IN A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 8.8 SUMMARY -- 8.9 PROBLEMS -- 9 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 OBLIQUE SHOCK RELATIONS -- 9.3 SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER WEDGES AND CONES -- 9.4 SHOCK INTERACTIONS AND REFLECTIONS -- 9.5 DETACHED SHOCK WAVE IN FRONT OF A BLUNT BODY -- 9.6 PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES -- 9.7 SHOCK-EXPANSION THEORY: APPLICATIONS TO SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS -- 9.8 A COMMENT ON LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS -- 9.9 THE X-15 AND ITS WEDGE TAIL -- 9.10 VISCOUS FLOW: SHOCK-WAVE/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION -- 9.11 HISTORICAL NOTE: ERNST MACH- A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH -- 9.12 SUMMARY -- 9.13 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: RELATION BETWEEN SUPERSONIC WAVE DRAG AND ENTROPY INCREASE- IS THERE A RELATION? -- 9.14 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: THE SONIC BOOM -- 9.15 PROBLEMS -- 10 Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW -- 10.3 NOZZLE FLOWS -- 10.4 DIFFUSERS -- 10.5 SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS -- 10.6 VISCOUS FLOW: SHOCK-WAVE/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION INSIDE NOZZLES -- 10.7 SUMMARY -- 10.8 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL -- 10.9 PROBLEMS -- 11 Subsonic Compressible Flow over Airfoils: Linear Theory -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 THE VELOCITY POTENTIAL EQUATION -- 11.3 THE LINEARIZED VELOCITY POTENTIAL EQUATION -- 11.4 PRANDTL-GLAUERT COMPRESSIBILITY CORRECTION -- 11.5 IMPROVED COMPRESSIBILITY CORRECTIONS -- 11.6 CRITICAL MACH NUMBER -- 11.7 DRAG-DIVERGENCE MACH NUMBER: THE SOUND BARRIER -- 11.8 THE AREA RULE -- 11.9 THE SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL -- 11.10 CFD APPLICATIONS: TRANSONIC AIRFOILS AND WINGS.
11.11 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE BLENDED WING BODY -- 11.12 HISTORICAL NOTE: HIGH-SPEED AIRFOILS-EARLY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- 11.13 HISTORICAL NOTE: THE ORIGIN OF THE SWEPT-WING CONCEPT -- 11.14 HISTORICAL NOTE: RICHARD T. WHITCOMB-ARCHITECT OF THE AREA RULE AND THE SUPERCRITICAL WING -- 11.15 SUMMARY -- 11.16 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: TRANSONIC TESTING BY THE WING-FLOW METHOD -- 11.17 PROBLEMS -- 12 Linearized Supersonic Flow -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 DERIVATION OF THE LINEARIZED SUPERSONIC PRESSURE COEFFICIENT FORMULA -- 12.3 APPLICATION TO SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS -- 12.4 VISCOUS FLOW: SUPERSONIC AIRFOIL DRAG -- 12.5 SUMMARY -- 12.6 PROBLEMS -- 13 Introduction to Numerical Techniques for Nonlinear Supersonic Flow -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION: PHILOSOPHY OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS -- 13.2 ELEMENTS OF THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS -- 13.3 SUPERSONIC NOZZLE DESIGN -- 13.4 ELEMENTS OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS -- 13.5 THE TIME-DEPENDENT TECHNIQUE: APPLICATION TO SUPERSONIC BLUNT BODIES -- 13.6 FLOW OVER CONES -- 13.7 SUMMARY -- 13.8 PROBLEM -- 14 Elements of Hypersonic Flow -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF HYPERSONIC FLOW -- 14.3 NEWTONIAN THEORY -- 14.4 THE LIFT AND DRAG OF WINGS AT HYPERSONIC SPEEDS: NEWTONIAN RESULTS FOR A FLAT PLATE AT ANGLE OF ATTACK -- 14.5 HYPERSONIC SHOCK-WAVE RELATIONS AND ANOTHER LOOK AT NEWTONIAN THEORY -- 14.6 MACH NUMBER INDEPENDENCE -- 14.7 HYPERSONICS AND COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS -- 14.8 HYPERSONIC VISCOUS FLOW: AERODYNAMIC HEATING -- 14.9 APPLIED HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS: HYPERSONIC WAVERIDERS -- 14.10 SUMMARY -- 14.11 PROBLEMS -- Part 4 Viscous Flow -- 15 Introduction to the Fundamental Principles and Equations of Viscous Flow -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF VISCOUS FLOW -- 15.3 VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTION -- 15.4 THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS.
15.5 THE VISCOUS FLOW ENERGY EQUATION.
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COVER -- McGRAW HILL SERIES IN AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES -- Part 1 Fundamental Principles -- 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts -- 1.1 IMPORTANCE OF AERODYNAMICS: HISTORICAL EXAMPLES -- 1.2 AERODYNAMICS: CLASSIFICATION AND PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES -- 1.3 ROAD MAP FOR THIS CHAPTER -- 1.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES -- 1.5 AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS -- 1.6 CENTER OF PRESSURE -- 1.7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM -- 1.8 FLOW SIMILARITY -- 1.9 FLUID STATICS: BUOYANCY FORCE -- 1.10 TYPES OF FLOW -- 1.11 VISCOUS FLOW: INTRODUCTION TO BOUNDARY LAYERS -- 1.12 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS-THEIR MAGNITUDES AND VARIATIONS -- 1.13 HISTORICAL NOTE: THE ILLUSIVE CENTER OF PRESSURE -- 1.14 HISTORICAL NOTE: AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS -- 1.15 SUMMARY -- 1.16 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: FORWARD-FACING AXIAL AERODYNAMIC FORCE ON AN AIRFOIL -CAN IT HAPPEN AND, IF SO, HOW? -- 1.17 PROBLEMS -- 2 Aerodynamics: Some Fundamental Principles and Equations -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND ROAD MAP -- 2.2 REVIEW OF VECTOR RELATIONS -- 2.3 MODELS OF THE FLUID: CONTROL VOLUMES AND FLUID ELEMENTS -- 2.4 CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 2.5 MOMENTUM EQUATION -- 2.6 AN APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION: DRAG OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL BODY -- 2.7 ENERGY EQUATION -- 2.8 INTERIM SUMMARY -- 2.9 SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE -- 2.10 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF THE SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE -- 2.11 PATHLINES, STREAMLINES, AND STREAKLINES OF A FLOW -- 2.12 ANGULAR VELOCITY, VORTICITY, AND STRAIN -- 2.13 CIRCULATION -- 2.14 STREAM FUNCTION -- 2.15 VELOCITY POTENTIAL -- 2.16 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STREAM FUNCTION AND VELOCITY POTENTIAL -- 2.17 HOW DO WE SOLVE THE EQUATIONS? -- 2.18 SUMMARY -- 2.19 PROBLEMS.

Part 2 Inviscid, Incompressible Flow -- 3 Fundamentals of Inviscid, Incompressible Flow -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND ROAD MAP -- 3.2 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION -- 3.3 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A DUCT: THE VENTURI AND LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNEL -- 3.4 PITOT TUBE: MEASUREMENT OF AIRSPEED -- 3.5 PRESSURE COEFFICIENT -- 3.6 CONDITION ON VELOCITY FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 3.7 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR IRROTATIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: LAPLACE'S EQUATION -- 3.8 INTERIM SUMMARY -- 3.9 UNIFORM FLOW: OUR FIRST ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.10 SOURCE FLOW: OUR SECOND ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.11 COMBINATION OF A UNIFORM FLOW WITH A SOURCE AND SINK -- 3.12 DOUBLET FLOW: OUR THIRD ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.13 NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER -- 3.14 VORTEX FLOW: OUR FOURTH ELEMENTARY FLOW -- 3.15 LIFTING FLOW OVER A CYLINDER -- 3.16 THE KUTTA-JOUKOWSKI THEOREM AND THE GENERATION OF LIFT -- 3.17 NONLIFTING FLOWS OVER ARBITRARY BODIES: THE NUMERICAL SOURCE PANEL METHOD -- 3.18 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER- THE REAL CASE -- 3.19 HISTORICAL NOTE: BERNOULLI AND EULER-THE ORIGINS OF THEORETICAL FLUID DYNAMICS -- 3.20 HISTORICAL NOTE: D'ALEMBERT AND HIS PARADOX -- 3.21 SUMMARY -- 3.22 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: RELATION BETWEEN AERODYNAMIC DRAG AND THE LOSS OF TOTAL PRESSURE IN THE FLOW FIELD -- 3.23 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL -- 3.24 PROBLEMS -- 4 Incompressible Flow over Airfoils -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE -- 4.3 AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS -- 4.4 PHILOSOPHY OF THEORETICAL SOLUTIONS FOR LOW-SPEED FLOW OVER AIRFOILS: THE VORTEX SHEET -- 4.5 THE KUTTA CONDITION -- 4.6 KELVIN'S CIRCULATION THEOREM AND THE STARTING VORTEX -- 4.7 CLASSICAL THIN AIRFOIL THEORY: THE SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL -- 4.8 THE CAMBERED AIRFOIL -- 4.9 THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER: ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.

4.10 LIFTING FLOWS OVER ARBITRARY BODIES: THE VORTEX PANEL NUMERICAL METHOD -- 4.11 MODERN LOW-SPEED AIRFOILS -- 4.12 VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG -- 4.13 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE FLOW OVER AN AIRFOIL-THE REAL CASE -- 4.14 HISTORICAL NOTE: EARLY AIRPLANE DESIGN AND THE ROLE OF AIRFOIL THICKNESS -- 4.15 HISTORICAL NOTE: KUTTA, JOUKOWSKI, AND THE CIRCULATION THEORY OF LIFT -- 4.16 SUMMARY -- 4.17 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: WALL EFFECTS ON MEASUREMENTS MADE IN SUBSONIC WIND TUNNELS -- 4.18 PROBLEMS -- 5 Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION: DOWNWASH AND INDUCED DRAG -- 5.2 THE VORTEX FILAMENT, THE BIOT-SAVART LAW, AND HELMHOLTZ'S THEOREMS -- 5.3 PRANDTL'S CLASSICAL LIFTING-LINE THEORY -- 5.4 A NUMERICAL NONLINEAR LIFTING-LINE METHOD -- 5.5 THE LIFTING-SURFACE THEORY AND THE VORTEX LATTICE NUMERICAL METHOD -- 5.6 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE DELTA WING -- 5.7 HISTORICAL NOTE: LANCHESTER AND PRANDTL-THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE-WING THEORY -- 5.8 HISTORICAL NOTE: PRANDTL-THE PERSON -- 5.9 SUMMARY -- 5.10 PROBLEMS -- 6 Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flow -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOURCE -- 6.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOUBLET -- 6.4 FLOW OVER A SPHERE -- 6.5 GENERAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS: PANEL TECHNIQUES -- 6.6 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE FLOW OVER A SPHERE-THE REAL CASE -- 6.7 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: AIRPLANE LIFT AND DRAG -- 6.8 SUMMARY -- 6.9 PROBLEMS -- Part 3 Inviscid, Compressible Flow -- 7 Compressible Flow: Some Preliminary Aspects -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS -- 7.3 DEFINITION OF COMPRESSIBILITY -- 7.4 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR INVISCID, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 7.5 DEFINITION OF TOTAL (STAGNATION) CONDITIONS -- 7.6 SOME ASPECTS OF SUPERSONIC FLOW: SHOCK WAVES -- 7.7 SUMMARY -- 7.8 PROBLEMS -- 8 Normal Shock Waves and Related Topics -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION.

8.2 THE BASIC NORMAL SHOCK EQUATIONS -- 8.3 SPEED OF SOUND -- 8.4 SPECIAL FORMS OF THE ENERGY EQUATION -- 8.5 WHEN IS A FLOW COMPRESSIBLE? -- 8.6 CALCULATION OF NORMAL SHOCK-WAVE PROPERTIES -- 8.7 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY IN A COMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 8.8 SUMMARY -- 8.9 PROBLEMS -- 9 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 OBLIQUE SHOCK RELATIONS -- 9.3 SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER WEDGES AND CONES -- 9.4 SHOCK INTERACTIONS AND REFLECTIONS -- 9.5 DETACHED SHOCK WAVE IN FRONT OF A BLUNT BODY -- 9.6 PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES -- 9.7 SHOCK-EXPANSION THEORY: APPLICATIONS TO SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS -- 9.8 A COMMENT ON LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS -- 9.9 THE X-15 AND ITS WEDGE TAIL -- 9.10 VISCOUS FLOW: SHOCK-WAVE/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION -- 9.11 HISTORICAL NOTE: ERNST MACH- A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH -- 9.12 SUMMARY -- 9.13 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: RELATION BETWEEN SUPERSONIC WAVE DRAG AND ENTROPY INCREASE- IS THERE A RELATION? -- 9.14 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: THE SONIC BOOM -- 9.15 PROBLEMS -- 10 Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW -- 10.3 NOZZLE FLOWS -- 10.4 DIFFUSERS -- 10.5 SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS -- 10.6 VISCOUS FLOW: SHOCK-WAVE/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION INSIDE NOZZLES -- 10.7 SUMMARY -- 10.8 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL -- 10.9 PROBLEMS -- 11 Subsonic Compressible Flow over Airfoils: Linear Theory -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 THE VELOCITY POTENTIAL EQUATION -- 11.3 THE LINEARIZED VELOCITY POTENTIAL EQUATION -- 11.4 PRANDTL-GLAUERT COMPRESSIBILITY CORRECTION -- 11.5 IMPROVED COMPRESSIBILITY CORRECTIONS -- 11.6 CRITICAL MACH NUMBER -- 11.7 DRAG-DIVERGENCE MACH NUMBER: THE SOUND BARRIER -- 11.8 THE AREA RULE -- 11.9 THE SUPERCRITICAL AIRFOIL -- 11.10 CFD APPLICATIONS: TRANSONIC AIRFOILS AND WINGS.

11.11 APPLIED AERODYNAMICS: THE BLENDED WING BODY -- 11.12 HISTORICAL NOTE: HIGH-SPEED AIRFOILS-EARLY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- 11.13 HISTORICAL NOTE: THE ORIGIN OF THE SWEPT-WING CONCEPT -- 11.14 HISTORICAL NOTE: RICHARD T. WHITCOMB-ARCHITECT OF THE AREA RULE AND THE SUPERCRITICAL WING -- 11.15 SUMMARY -- 11.16 INTEGRATED WORK CHALLENGE: TRANSONIC TESTING BY THE WING-FLOW METHOD -- 11.17 PROBLEMS -- 12 Linearized Supersonic Flow -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 DERIVATION OF THE LINEARIZED SUPERSONIC PRESSURE COEFFICIENT FORMULA -- 12.3 APPLICATION TO SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS -- 12.4 VISCOUS FLOW: SUPERSONIC AIRFOIL DRAG -- 12.5 SUMMARY -- 12.6 PROBLEMS -- 13 Introduction to Numerical Techniques for Nonlinear Supersonic Flow -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION: PHILOSOPHY OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS -- 13.2 ELEMENTS OF THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS -- 13.3 SUPERSONIC NOZZLE DESIGN -- 13.4 ELEMENTS OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS -- 13.5 THE TIME-DEPENDENT TECHNIQUE: APPLICATION TO SUPERSONIC BLUNT BODIES -- 13.6 FLOW OVER CONES -- 13.7 SUMMARY -- 13.8 PROBLEM -- 14 Elements of Hypersonic Flow -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF HYPERSONIC FLOW -- 14.3 NEWTONIAN THEORY -- 14.4 THE LIFT AND DRAG OF WINGS AT HYPERSONIC SPEEDS: NEWTONIAN RESULTS FOR A FLAT PLATE AT ANGLE OF ATTACK -- 14.5 HYPERSONIC SHOCK-WAVE RELATIONS AND ANOTHER LOOK AT NEWTONIAN THEORY -- 14.6 MACH NUMBER INDEPENDENCE -- 14.7 HYPERSONICS AND COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS -- 14.8 HYPERSONIC VISCOUS FLOW: AERODYNAMIC HEATING -- 14.9 APPLIED HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS: HYPERSONIC WAVERIDERS -- 14.10 SUMMARY -- 14.11 PROBLEMS -- Part 4 Viscous Flow -- 15 Introduction to the Fundamental Principles and Equations of Viscous Flow -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF VISCOUS FLOW -- 15.3 VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTION -- 15.4 THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS.

15.5 THE VISCOUS FLOW ENERGY EQUATION.

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