Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production and Utilization in Fuel Cell Systems.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (378 pages)
Front Cover -- Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production and Utilization in Fuel Cell Systems -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Hydrogen, a green energy carrier -- Abbreviation -- 1.1 Global energy demand and environmental issues -- 1.2 Hydrogen, a green energy carrier -- 1.2.1 Hydrogen properties -- 1.2.1.1 Hydrogen physical properties -- 1.2.1.2 Hydrogen chemical properties -- 1.2.2 Hydrogen safety -- 1.2.2.1 Hydrogen explosion -- 1.2.2.2 Safety in hydrogen production processes -- 1.2.2.3 Safety in hydrogen storage -- 1.2.2.4 Safety in hydrogen delivery -- 1.2.3 Hydrogen and policy -- 1.2.4 Hydrogen supply chain -- 1.2.4.1 Feedstocks and production technologies -- 1.2.4.2 Hydrogen fuel distribution -- 1.3 Public acceptance of hydrogen as the fuel of the future -- 1.4 Summary -- 1.5 Review questions -- References -- 2 Hydrogen fuel production methods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hydrocarbon reforming -- 2.2.1 Steam reforming -- 2.2.2 Partial oxidation method -- 2.2.3 Autothermal reforming method -- 2.3 Hydrogen from hydrocarbon pyrolysis -- 2.3.1 Catalyst development in CH4 thermocatalytic dissociation -- 2.3.1.1 Metal-based catalyst -- 2.3.1.1.1 Nonsupported metal catalysts -- 2.3.1.1.2 Metal supported catalysts -- 2.3.1.1.3 Metal oxide-supported catalysts -- 2.3.1.1.4 Ceramic-based catalyst -- 2.3.1.1.5 Thin layer catalysts -- 2.3.1.1.6 Effects of various parameters on the catalyst stability and activity -- 2.3.1.2 Carbon-based catalyst -- 2.3.1.2.1 Carbon-based catalytic activity boosted by metal doping -- 2.3.1.2.2 Effects of various parameters on the activity of the carbon-based catalysts -- 2.3.1.2.3 Carbon-based catalytic deactivation -- 2.3.1.3 Comparing metal and carbon-based catalysts -- 2.3.1.4 Enhancing catalyst stability by cofeeding -- 2.3.1.4.1 Ethylene as cofeed -- 2.3.1.4.2 Alkanes as cofeed. 2.3.1.4.3 Ethanol as cofeed -- 2.3.1.4.4 CO2 as cofeed -- 2.3.1.4.5 H2S as cofeed -- 2.3.1.4.6 Propylene as cofeed -- 2.3.2 Catalyst regeneration -- 2.3.3 Separation and purification -- 2.4 Summary -- References -- 3 Hydrogen production methods based on the primary energy sources -- Abbreviations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Hydrogen colors -- 3.3 Pink hydrogen (nuclear hydrogen) -- 3.3.1 Nuclear hydrogen production via thermochemical cycles -- 3.3.1.1 S-I cycle -- 3.3.1.2 HyS cycle -- 3.3.1.3 Cu-Cl cycle -- 3.3.1.4 Mg-Cl cycle -- 3.3.1.5 Ca-Br cycle -- 3.3.1.6 Other cycles -- 3.3.2 Economics, safety, and environmental aspects of nuclear hydrogen -- 3.4 Biomass to hydrogen (green hydrogen) -- 3.4.1 Thermochemical processes -- 3.4.1.1 Biomass pyrolysis -- 3.4.1.2 Biomass gasification -- 3.4.2 Hydrogen production via biological processes -- 3.4.2.1 Direct biophotolysis -- 3.4.2.2 Indirect biophotolysis -- 3.4.2.3 Biological WGSR -- 3.4.2.4 Dark fermentation -- 3.4.2.5 Photo-fermentation -- 3.5 Coal to hydrogen (black/brown hydrogen) -- 3.5.1 Water gas shift reactors in the coal gasification process -- 3.6 Solar to hydrogen (yellow hydrogen) -- 3.6.1 Concentrated solar thermal hydrogen production -- 3.6.1.1 Solar thermolysis process for hydrogen production -- 3.6.1.2 Solar to hydrogen via thermochemical water splitting technologies -- 3.6.1.3 Hydrogen production via solar decarbonization of fossil fuels -- 3.6.1.3.1 Solar cracking -- 3.6.1.3.2 Hydrogen production via solar steam gasification and steam reforming -- 3.6.1.4 Solar thermal-based hydrogen production via electrolysis -- 3.6.1.5 Solar photovoltaic-based hydrogen production -- 3.6.2 Solar-to-hydrogen economy -- 3.7 Wind to hydrogen -- 3.7.1 Wind to hydrogen, a multipurpose collaboration -- 3.7.1.1 Wind-to-hydrogen to cover the electricity demand at autonomous grids. 3.7.1.2 Wind to hydrogen for transportation applications -- 3.7.2 Life cycle assessment of wind-to-hydrogen systems -- 3.7.3 Advantages and disadvantages of wind-to-hydrogen systems -- 3.8 Geothermal-based hydrogen production -- 3.8.1 Working fluid -- 3.8.2 Solar-geothermal-based hydrogen production -- 3.9 Hydropower-to-hydrogen (green hydrogen) -- 3.10 Tidal power to hydrogen -- 3.10.1 Pros and cons of tidal power -- 3.11 Summary -- Review questions -- References -- 4 Electrochemical hydrogen production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fundamentals of electrochemical processes -- 4.3 Thermodynamics of the electrochemical process -- 4.3.1 Effects of electrolyte pH on the proton exchange membrane electrolysis process -- 4.3.2 Effect of operating temperature on the proton exchange membrane electrolysis process -- 4.3.3 Effect of operating pressure on the proton exchange membrane electrolysis process -- 4.3.4 Voltage analysis -- 4.3.4.1 Open-circuit voltage -- 4.3.4.2 Activation overpotential -- 4.3.4.3 Ohmic losses -- 4.3.4.4 Concentration overpotential -- 4.4 Electrolysis technologies -- 4.5 Principles of alkaline water electrolyzers -- 4.5.1 Alkaline water electrolyzers' temperature and pressure -- 4.5.2 Overpotentials reduction in alkaline water electrolyzers -- 4.5.3 Impact of electric input fluctuation on alkaline water electrolyzers' performance -- 4.5.4 Alkaline water electrolyzers electrode materials -- 4.5.5 Gas-purity dependence -- 4.6 Solid oxide steam electrolyzer -- 4.7 Energy and exergy efficiency of an electrolyzer -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- 5 Hydrogen storage and delivery challenges -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hydrogen storage principles -- 5.2.1 Physical-based hydrogen storage -- 5.2.2 Liquid/cryogenic hydrogen storage -- 5.2.3 Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage -- 5.2.4 Material-based hydrogen storage -- 5.2.4.1 Chemical sorption. 5.2.4.2 Physical sorption -- 5.3 Hydrogen delivery principles -- 5.3.1 Gaseous hydrogen delivery -- 5.3.2 Liquid hydrogen delivery -- 5.4 Hydrogen systems risk and reliability issues -- 5.4.1 Material issues -- 5.4.2 Essential factors in hydrogen storage and delivery -- 5.4.2.1 Hydrogen leakage -- 5.4.2.2 Temperature variation -- 5.4.2.3 Contamination -- 5.4.2.4 Pressure fluctuations in pipelines -- 5.4.2.5 Compression process -- 5.4.3 Remaining useful life -- 5.4.4 Quantitative risk and reliability assessment -- 5.5 Summary -- Review questions -- References -- 6 Fundamentals of hydrogen fuel cell systems -- 6.1 Introduction (hydrogen fuel cell background) -- 6.2 Environmental and safety concerns associated with fuel cell system applications -- 6.3 Fuel cell function -- 6.3.1 Current-voltage characteristics of a fuel cell -- 6.4 Key parameters of fuel cell systems -- 6.5 Fuel cell stack design -- 6.6 Challenges in hydrogen fuel cell technologies and their advantages -- 6.7 Hydrogen fuel cell open circuit voltage -- 6.8 Hydrogen fuel cell efficiency -- 6.9 Summary -- 6.10 Questions -- 6.11 Review questions -- References -- 7 Hydrogen utilization in transportation systems -- Abbreviations -- Nomenclature -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hydrogen fuel cell structure and technical challenges in vehicles -- 7.2.1 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell structure -- 7.2.2 Well-to-wheel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions -- 7.2.3 Heat rejection in proton exchange membrane fuel cell -- 7.2.4 Dynamic operation and cold-start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell -- 7.2.5 Economy and future aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles -- 7.2.6 Hydrogen-fueled buses and trucks -- 7.3 Hydrogen-fueled trains/locomotives -- 7.4 Hydrogen fuel cell-powered systems in aviation -- 7.4.1 Hydrogen fuel cell for aircraft systems. 7.4.2 Using an hydrogen fuel cell-powered system for ground support equipment in the airport -- 7.4.3 Small unmanned aircraft -- 7.5 Hydrogen fuel cell for maritime applications -- 7.6 Summary -- Review questions -- References -- 8 Hydrogen economy and transition to hydrogen energy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Production, handling, and applications -- 8.2 Geopolitical implications of hydrogen trade -- 8.2.1 The creation of new interdependence between countries -- 8.2.2 Energy transition policies -- 8.2.3 Economic competition -- 8.3 Hydrogen roadmaps and strategies -- 8.4 Summary -- Review questions -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.
Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production and Utilization in Fuel Cell Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the complex and interdisciplinary issues surrounding the use of hydrogen fuel cells in the global transportation system.